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Espesyal na Sandatahan labanan Assault riple - Kalashnikov AK (AK-47), AKS, AKM at AKMS

Mayo 4

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Kalashnikov AK (AK-47), AKS, AKM at AKMS assault Rifles (USSR)

Ang unang Sobiyet 'tunay' intermediate kartutso (7.62 × 41 M43) assault riple, Sudaev AS-44, bilang nasubok sa 1944. Sa kasamaang palad, nahulog Sudaev malubhang sakit sa 1945 at namatay sa susunod na taon bago finalizing ang kanyang disenyo.

Tokarev 7.62 × 41 experimental assault riple, bilang nasubok sa huli 1945

Ang unang prototipo ng isang riple Kalashnikov assault sa 1946, din Kilalang bilang ng AK-46. Tandaan na ito ay iba't-ibang mga panloob at panlabas na mga pagkakaiba mula sa mamaya modelo, kabilang ang mga hiwalay na kaligtasan at sunog mode selector switch, pati na rin ang mga di-umuurong-sulong na singilin ang hawakan, ang lahat na matatagpuan sa kaliwang bahagi ng armas

Disassembled AK-46 tularan

Ang pananakit Bulkin AB-46 riple experimental, Aling lubhang naaapektuhan ang AK-47

Ang experimental Kalashnikov assault riple ng 1947, din Kilalang bilang ng AK-47, isang unang modelo

Bulkin AB-46 assault riple experimental, bahagyang disassembled.

Ang experimental Kalashnikov assault riple ng 1947, din Kilalang bilang ng AK-47, isang unang modelo, disassembled

Ang experimental Kalashnikov assault riple ng 1947, din Kilalang bilang ng AK-47, ang pangalawang modelo (tandaan na ito ay isang maliit na preno nguso / nagpapasahod)

Maagang produksyon / isyu Kalashnikov AK riple, bilang panindang Sa pagitan ng 1949 at 1951, sa unang bahagi ng uri-de selyo receivers at mataas at payat magazine

Post-production 1951 Kalashnikov AK riple na may nakalakip na bayoneta at milled receiver, kanang bahagi

Post-production 1951 Kalashnikov AK riple at bayoneta sa milled receiver, kaliwang bahagi

Kalashnikov AK riple sa PBS silencers, bilang Ginamit sa pamamagitan ng Sobiyet Spetsnaz

Kalashnikov AKM (modernized) nakawin, na may selyo receivers at ng isang bagong uri ng kutsilyo / bayoneta

Kalashnikov AKMS - AKM na may natitiklop na buttstock

AKMN Kalashnikov riple (Modernized, sa gabi paningin salalayan patungang sa kaliwang bahagi ng receiver), sa dulo ng baril nagpapasahod-install

AKM sa GP-25 40mm granada tagapaglunsad underbarrel

Kalibre 7.62 × 39 mm
Aksyon: Gas pinamamahalaan, umiikot tornilyo na may 2 lugs
Ang kabuuang haba: 870 mm
Bariles length: 415 mm
Timbang, may laman magazine: AK 4.3 kg, 3.14 kg MWA
Magazine kapasidad 30 rounds (40 rounds kahon magasin at 75 rounds drums mula sa RPK Mayo din ay Ginamit)
Paikot rate ng sunog 600 rounds kada minuto

Ang magnakaw Kalashnikov assault, Kilalang din sa West bilang ng AK-47 (Avtomat Kalashnikova - 47, Kalashnikov awtomatikong riple, modelo ng 1947), at ang kanyang derivatives, Kilalang din sa ilalim ng mga karaniwang pangalan ng AK, ay ang pinaka-maliit na masagana ang ani ng braso sa 2nd na kalahati ng 20 siglo. Ito ay na-at pa rin ay (sa mas maraming mga mas mababa o mabago form) panindang sa dose-dosenang mga bansa, at Ginamit sa daan-daan ng mga bansa at dahil kasalungat nito pagpapakilala. Ang kabuuang bilang ng AK-uri sa buong mundo Rifles Made Sa panahon ng huling 60 taon ay tinatayang nasa 90 + Milyun-milyong. Ito ay isang tunay na maalamat armas, Kilalang para sa kanyang matinding ruggedness, simple ng operasyon at pagpapanatili, at hindi maunahan kahusayan kahit sa pinakamalala kondisyon maaari. Ito ay Ginamit hindi lamang bilang isang militar armas, ngunit din bilang isang plataporma para sa iba't-ibang mga pampalakasan sibilyan at Rifles shotguns (tingnan Saiga semiautomatic shotguns, halimbawa). Ang AK ay isang amalgam ng Dati Kilalang mga katangian at mga solusyon, pinagsama sa pinaka-epektibong paraan. Ang pagka-epektibo, gayunman, ay depende sa criteria na Ginamit upang masukat ito, at ang susi na pamantayan para sa anumang at bawat Sobyet at Russian militar braso ay ang: PAGIGING kapayakan ng pagpapatakbo at pagpapanatili, pagiging angkop para sa mass produksyon. May hindi kailanman ay anumang makabuluhang demand para sa mabuting ergonomya napakahusay o kawastuhan, bagaman.

Ang tunay na kuwento ng AK ang nagsimula sa huli 1942, Pls Trust Sobiyet hukbo nakunan specimens ng tunay bagong MKb.42 Alemanya (H) Machine karabin (assault riple), kasama ang ilang mga sandata 7.92 Kurz. Sa pamamagitan ng kalagitnaan ng 1943 ang MKb.42 (H) kasama ang US-itinustos M1 karabin ay sinusuri sa pamamagitan ng Sobiyet eksperto, at ito ay nagpasya sa mga katulad na mga armas na top-level, pagpapaputok ng intermediate kartutso kapangyarihan, ay dapat na binuo para sa Sobiyet hukbo sa lalong madaling maaari. Ang gawain ng unang pag-unlad ng mga bagong sandata ay tapos na sa halip maikling panahon. Sa pamamagitan ng Nobyembre 1943 teknikal na detalye para sa 7.62 × 41mm kartutso, pagkakaroon bottlenecked, rimless kaso at pagpapaputok 8-gramo bullet matulis, ay ipinadala out sa lahat ng Sobyet riple disenyo Kawanihan at organisasyon. Sa pamamagitan ng tagsibol ng 1944, mayroong hindi bababa sa 10 na disenyo ng mga awtomatikong armas sa mga gawa (hindi bilangin ang mga semi-automatic carbines Na nagdulot ng pag-aampon ng SKS carbines at tornilyo-action na nagpunta sa walang pinanggalingan). Sa kalagitnaan ng 1944, komisyon ang mga napiling ang pananakit sa amin mga pagsubok-44 riple, Designed by Sudaev, bilang ang kabuuang pinakamahusay na, at iniutos sa isang limitadong produksyon tumakbo para sa hukbo pagsubok. Ang ilang mga US-44 Rifles panindang ay sa tagsibol ng 1945, at ang mga ito ay sinusuri sa pamamagitan ng hukbo sa tag-init ng 1945, lamang pagkatapos ng tagumpay sa Europa. Hukbo pangkalahatan nagustuhan ang AS-44, bilang ito ay epektibo na saklaw kung ihahambing sa PPSh-41 submakin gan, at ibinigay na mas mahusay na kawastuhan sa isang semi-awtomatikong sunog. Ang problema ay AS-44 na iyon ay overly mabigat (higit sa 5 kg walang laman), at iniutos mga pagsubok komisyon susunod na round ng pag-unlad at mga pagsubok, Aling nagsimula sa unang bahagi ng 1946.

Ipasok Mikhail Kalashnikov, ang mga maliliit na dalag ng Sobiyet pwersa tangke, SINO, pagkatapos ay nasugatan sa labanan sa 1942, Designed isang prototipo gun submakin habang sa mga medikal na umalis. Ang kanyang unang armas ay Tinanggihan sa bakuran ng kumplikado, ngunit ang taga-disenyo mismo ay itinalaga sa ang Hukbong Pula's Small Arms at lusong Research & Proving Ground (NIPSMVO) malapit sa Moscow upang magpatuloy sa kanyang pag-aaral at trabaho sa iba pang mga armas. Narito ang isang Kalashnikov semi-automatic Designed karabin, mabigat na naiimpluwensyahan ng American M1 Garand riple. Ito karabin, habang ang mga matagumpay na mga tala sa pamamagitan ng kanyang sarili, ay nagsilbi bilang isang panimulang punto para sa mga assault riple ang unang Kalashnikov's, provisionally No.1 Kilalang bilang ng AK o ang AK-46. Sa Nobyembre ng 1946 ang AK-46 proyekto ay pinili para sa prototipo paggawa kasama ang limang iba pang mga proyekto (sa labas ng 16 na isinumite sa komisyon), at Kalashnikov ay ipinadala sa ang lungsod ng Kovrov (din hindi malayo mula sa Moscow), sa paggawa ng kanyang mga armas sa maliliit na armas pabrika doon. Ang AK-46 ay gas pinamamahalaan, makina tornilyo na armas utilized maikling-atake serebral gas piston sa itaas ng mga kanyon ng baril, receiver at dalawang bahagi ng pabahay yunit na may hiwalay na-trigger at dalawahan kontrol (hiwalay sa kaligtasan sa sunog at selector switch sa kaliwang bahagi ng ang yunit-trigger ).
Sa Disyembre 1946 ang isang bagong pananakit sa NIPSMVO Rifles ay nasubok saklaw, sa US-44 na Ginamit bilang isang control (pag-unlad nito ay may ceased unang bahagi ng 1946 dahil sa wala sa oras ng kamatayan ng Sudaev, SINO ay malubhang sakit sa pamamagitan ng ang 1945). Bilang isang paunang resulta ng mga pagsubok na ito, ang AK-46 ay napili para sa karagdagang pag-unlad sa pamamagitan ng mga pagsubok komisyon, na may dalawang karagdagang mga armas sa pagiging pinili para sa karagdagang Rifles evolution mula designers Dementiev at Bulkin. Ang ikalawang round ng mga pagsubok, Aling Kasama tatlong armas (AK-46 sa pamamagitan ng Kalashnikov, AB-46 ng Bulkin at AD sa pamamagitan ng Dementiev), nagresulta sa pagtanggi ng pinabuting AK-46, Aling ay mababa kaysa sa iba pang mga Rivals sa maraming aspeto. Sa kabila ng kabiguan na iyon, Kalashnikov, gamit ang kanyang mga contact at suporta mula sa ilang mga kasapi ng mga pagsubok komisyon (alam niya Kanino mula sa kanyang trabaho sa unang NIPSMVO sa 1943-1946) pursued ang ulo ng mga pagsubok komisyon upang repasuhin ang mga resulta, at wakas got ang isang berdeng ilaw upang magpatuloy sa kanyang pag-unlad para sa susunod na round ng mga pagsubok. Ang pagsunod sa mga teknikal na pagkabigo ng AK-46, Kalashnikov at ang kanyang companions designer Zaitsev (WHO kawani ay isang taga-disenyo armas sa Kovrov planta) ay nagpasya na ganap na rework ang disenyo, gamit ang hiram mula sa mga matagumpay na teknikal na mga solusyon sa iba't ibang armas, kabilang ang mga direktang kakumpitensiya. Halimbawa, ang pang-stroke piston gas, ikabit sa ang tornilyo carrier, kasama ang mga bihag pagpupulong bumalik tagsibol at receiver cover ay tila inspirasyon sa pamamagitan ng Bulkin's riple AB-46; sa ideya ng mga malalaking clearances sa Pagitan ng tornilyo grupo at ang receiver pader, na may isang minimum na ng sigalot ibabaw, ay inspirasyon sa pamamagitan ng Sudaev's AS-44, ang kaligtasan / alikabok pabalat ay kinopya mula sa Browning pingga Designed Remington Modelo 8 pangangaso magnakaw atbp
Ito dapat nakasaad dito, na Standard at Mahina kopyahin at paghiram ng mga ideya ay tunay hinihikayat ng mga pagsubok komisyon (at ang buong Sobiyet ideolohiya), tulad ng lahat ng mga intelektuwal na ari-arian sa USSR ay itinuturing na mga ari-arian ng 'mga tao', o ng estado. Kaya, anumang estado-aaring intelektuwal na pag-Puwede ari-arian (at dapat) ay na Ginamit sa benepisyo ng mga tao / ng estado sa pamamagitan ng kahit sino. At ang paglikha ng isang bago, pinaka-epektibong assault riple para sa matagumpay Sobiyet hukbo ay tiyak sa itaas ng listahan ng mga bagay, kapaki-pakinabang para sa Sobiyet estado sa panahon.

Pagkatapos ng malawak na mga pagsusulit, na isinasagawa sa Disyembre 1947 - Enero 1948, Aling Kasama bahagyang pinabuting Dementiev KB-P-410, Bulkin TKB-415 at ang lahat-ng-bagong AK-47 Kalashnikov Rifles, ay tila walang tiyak na hatol resulta. Ang AK-47 ay natagpuan na pinaka-matibay at maaasahang out-of-tatlong contestants, ngunit ito rin dragged sa likod ng iba pang mga dalawang sa kawastuhan departamento, lalo na sa ganap na automatic (na kung saan ay, at pa rin ay itinuturing na ang pangunahing mode ng apoy para sa mga assault riple sa Ruso). Sa katunayan, ang tanging armas na natupad kawastuhan kinakailangan ay ang Bulkin AB-47 / TKB-415, ngunit ito ay nagkaroon ng problema sa ilang bahagi para sa katibayan. Matapos ang mahaba usapan, ay nagpasya na pagsubok wakas komisyon ang mas mahusay na ay ang kaaway ng mabuti, at ito ay marapat na magkaroon ng isang hindi-kaya tumpak na ngunit maaasahang armas ngayon, kaysa sa maghintay ng walang katapusan para sa tumpak na-at-maaasahang sandata sa hinaharap. Ang desisyon sa huli hahantong sa komisyon inirerekomenda ang AK-47 para sa hukbo mga pagsubok sa Nobyembre, 1947. Ito ay nagpasya na ang produksyon ng bagong sandata ay dapat na nagsimula sa Izhevsk armas planta (ngayon Izhevsk Machine-gusali Plant o IzhMash sa maikling). Kalashnikov ay inilipat mula sa Kovrov Izhevsk upang makatulong sa produksyon ng mga bagong armas, Aling nagsimula sa kalagitnaan ng 1948. Opisyal na pag-aampon sumunod sa huli 1949, na may mga pamantayan sa pagiging '7 .62 mm katawagan avtomat Kalashnikova AK '(7.62mm Kalashnikov awtomatikong karabin). Sa The Same Time, ang isang natitiklop na bersyon buttstock ay pinagtibay para sa paggamit nasa eruplano units, bilang '7 .62 mm AKS skladnoy avtomat Kalashnikova '(7.62mm Kalashnikov awtomatikong karabin, natitiklop).
Ito dapat kilala na ang orihinal na disenyo ng receiver, Aling ay tipunin mula sa bakal na de selyo 'kahon' na may malaking, machined bakal insert pinned sa harap, sanhi ng maraming problema sa pabrika. Ang teknolohiya (kagamitan at paggawa), ang mga antas ng oras na nagdulot ng lubhang mataas na porsyento ng Tinanggihan receivers dahil sa misformed pader, pinning ng malaswa bahagi, masamang heometrya at iba pa Pagkatapos ng kritikal na pagbabago ng proseso sa pabrika ng ito ay kinakalkula na ba ito Maging mas matipid magagawa upang bumalik sa 'lumang-paaralan' machined receivers. Bagong, machined receiver ay Designed by ang isa sa mga kawani ng pabrika ng mga designers, at pagkatapos ng approval ng militar, ito ay ilagay sa produksyon sa IzhMash sa 1951, sa ilalim ng Kapareho pangunahing titulo.

Ang pagsunod sa pamamagitan ng taon, disenyo ng AK inkorporada maraming mga menor de edad ang mga pagbabago at mga update, ngunit ito ay ang experimental Korobov TKB-517 assault riple (nasubok sa pamamagitan ng Sobiyet hukbo sa kalagitnaan ng ikalimampu) Na spurred sa karagdagang ang pagbuo ng AK. Ang pananakit Korobov TKB-517 riple ay isang dakilang pakikitungo layter kaysa sa AK, tungkol sa 1 / 3 mas mura sa paggawa, at makabuluhang mas tumpak na sa buong awtomatikong sunog. Ito leads ang Sobiyet hukbo sa isyu bagong pangangailangan para sa isang layter at mas epektibong assault riple, Aling ay formulated sa 1955. Ang mga ito ay kinakailangan din complemented sa pamamagitan ng mga kinakailangan para sa isang pulutong awtomatikong companions / liwanag suporta armas (ilaw masinggan sa Russian katawagan). Mga pagsubok para sa mga bagong armas ay Held sa 1957-58. Kalashnikov Izhevsk team pinadala mula sa isang AK sa isang bagong pinabuting uri ng de selyo receivers at iba pang mga menor de edad na pagpapabuti, Aling competed laban sa isang bilang ng mga armas mula sa iba pang mga koponan sa disenyo mula sa Kovrov at Tula. Sa teknikal na termino, ang Kalashnikov entry fared tungkol sa average Sa mga pagsubok, sa ilang mga armas rivals proving na maging mas labanan-epektibo at mas mura na gumawa. Ang komisyon pagsubok, gayunpaman, ay nagpasya ang mas mahusay na muli ay Ang kaaway ng mabuti, at inirerekomenda ang pinabuting AK para sa pag-aampon dahil sa napatunayan nito ang pagganap ng pagpapalagayang-loob at sa industriya at hukbo. opisyal na ito ay pinagtibay sa 1959 bilang ang AKM (Avtomat Kalashnikova Modernizirovannyj - Awtomatikong Kalashnikov riple, Modified), kasama ang companions RPK nagpapaputok awtomatikong armas / ilaw masinggan.

Ang mga pangunahing pagbabago sa MCA, kaparis sa AK, ay ang pagpapakilala ng mga de selyo receiver bakal sa halip ng milled isa, at pinabuting-trigger / martilyo yunit, na may mga idinagdag martilyo release pagkaantala aparato (madalas na hindi tama ang tinutukoy bilang isang reducer rate). Iba pang mga pagbabago ay ang muling idisenyo, angat buttstock at ang pistola mahigpit na pagkakahawak, at ang pagdagdag ng naaalis busal paltik nagpapasahod. Ito kutsara-gusto nagpapasahod ay screwed papunta sa dulo ng baril at utilized ang nguso sabog upang mabawasan ang nguso umakyat Habang ang awtomatikong sunog. Ang nagpapasahod Puwede mapalitan ng turnilyo-sa "PBS-1 hindi maingay pagpapaputok aparato", pangkalahatan Kilalang bilang isang silencers. Ito ay nangangailangan ng isang espesyal na silencers, sub-sonik sandata sa bigat bullets na gagamitin. Isa pang magbago mula sa AK sa AKM ay isang bahagyang pinabuting likod paningin, na may mga setting 100-1000 (sa halip ng 800 sa AK) metro. Ang parehong 800 at 1000 metro, gayunpaman, ay paraan masyadong maasahin sa mabuti para sa anumang mga praktikal na gamitin, dahil sa ang epektibong apoy ay limitado sa humigit-kumulang 300-400 meters, kung hindi mas mababa.

Sa 1974, Sobiyet Hukbong opisyal na pinagtibay ang 5.45mm mga sandata at ang mga naaangkop na chambered AK-74 assault riple bilang kanyang bagong standard balikat braso. Ang MCA, gayunpaman, ay hindi opisyal na ipinahayag lipas na at tinanggal mula sa serbisyo, at ito ay pa rin sa Russian stock hukbo. Ang ilang mga di-impanterya yunit ng Russian Army ay pa rin sa Hukbong 1960s antigo AKM assault Rifles. Mayroon din ang isang pagtaas sa interes sa 7.62mm armas dahil maraming mga hukbo ay bigo sa pamamagitan ng ang pagiging epektibo ng 5.45mm munisyon Sa panahon ng Lokal na kasalungat sa 1990s. Ang ilang mga Ruso Special Sandatahan hukbo (Kadalasa'y pulis at Internal Affairs Ministry), kasalukuyang operating sa Chechnya, ay gumagamit ng mga karapat-dapat sambahin 7.62mm AKM Rifles.

Ang AK at AKM Rifles ay malawak na nai-export na sa pro-Sobiyet bansa at lahat ng mga regimes sa buong mundo. Manufacturing mga lisensya kasama ang lahat ng mga pakete ay kailangang teknikal na data ilipat (para sa libre o sa isang nominal na bayad) sa maraming mga bansa Warsaw PACT (Albania, Bulgaria, China, East Germany, Hungary, North Korea, Poland, Romania, Yugoslavia). Ang tiyak na 'di-Komunista', pero friendly bansa, Standard at Mahina 'Ehipto, Finland at Iraq, Natanggap din manufacturing mga lisensya.

Sa kasalukuyan, sa kabila ng mundo-malawak na paglaganap ng maliit na kalibre (5:56 / 5.45mm) armas, maraming mga kumpanya pa rin paggawa 7.62mm Rifles assault para sa militar o pulisya gamitin (halimbawa, may isang AK-103, na ginawa sa limitadong Ang mga numero ng IZHMASH sa Russian). Dagdag dito, ang produksyon ng mga semi-automatic lamang sibilyan derivatives AK ay patuloy na sa maraming bansa, kabilang ang Russia, Bulgaria, Romania, China at iba pa.

Teknikal na paglalarawan para sa mga assault riple AKM:
Ang AKM ay isang gas pinamamahalaan, pumipili sunog assault riple.

Ang gas pinamamahalaan aksyon ay may isang malaki at mabigat tornilyo carrier na may nakalakip Permanenteng mahaba stroke gas piston. Ang gas kamara ay matatagpuan sa itaas ng mga kanyon ng baril. Ang tornilyo carrier rides sa dalawang daang-bakal, nabuo sa pader receiver, na may mga makabuluhang clearances sa Pagitan ng paglipat at nakapirmeng bahagi, Aling ay nagbibigay-daan sa gun para gumana kahit Pls loob nito ay malubhang fouled na may buhangin o putik. Ang umiikot tornilyo ay may dalawang malaki at mabigat lugs Na lock sa receiver. Iyon ay upang Bolt Designed sa unlocking pag-ikot rin ito gumagawa ng isang pangunahing kilusan sa pagkuha ng fired kaso. Ang mga resulta sa tunay positibo at maaasahang bunutan kahit na may marumi kamara at mga kaso. Ang pag-ikot ng tornilyo ay nakasisiguro ng subaybayan hubog cam, machined sa carrier tornilyo, at sa pamamagitan ng mga angkop na magtanim ng sa kanyang sarili ang tornilyo. Ang pagbabalik ng tagsibol at isang spring gabay ay matatagpuan sa likod ng mga piston at gas ay bahagyang nakatago sa kanyang guwang hulihan bahagi Pls tornilyo ay sa baterya. Ang pagbabalik base spring din naglilingkod bilang isang receiver cover lock. Ang nagkakasa hawakan Permanenteng ay nakalakip sa carrier tornilyo (sa katunayan, ang mga form ng isang solong machined bakal yunit sa carrier), at ang baril gantihin Pls ay fired.

Ang receiver ng AKM ay ginawa mula sa mga de selyo asero sheet, na may machined pagsingit bakal riveted sa lugar na wala kahit saan kinakailangan. Earliest AK-47 receivers ay din na ginawa mula sa mga selyo at machined bahagi, riveted magkasama, ngunit ito sa lalong madaling panahon pinatunayan na hindi kasiya-siya, at halos lahat ng AK (Made Sa pagitan ng 1951 at 1959) Rifles ay ginawa na may ganap na machined receivers. Ang receiver cover ay isang de selyo sheet metal parts, de selyo sa pagpapalakas buto-buto na natagpuan sa ang AKM sakop.

Ang medyo simpleng-trigger / martilyo mekanismo ay maluwag batay sa 1900's panahon deigns Browning (marami na tulad ng karamihan sa iba pang mga modernong Rifles assault), at mga katangian ng isang martilyo sa dalawang Sears - isang pangunahing, inimuntar sa extension trigger, at isa para sa semi- awtomatikong sunog, na intercepts ang martilyo sa nagkakasa posisyon matapos ang pagbaril ay fired at Hanggang sa mag-trigger ay pinakawalan. Karagdagang auto mapaso Ay Ginamit upang pakawalan ang martilyo sa buong auto mode. Ang yunit AKM-trigger din itinampok isang martilyo release pagkaantala aparato, Aling ay nagsilbi sa pagkaantala ng martilyo release sa buong auto sunog sa pamamagitan ng ilang microseconds. Na ito ay hindi nakakaapekto sa paikot rate ng sunog, ngunit nagbibigay-daan sa ang tornilyo grupo na tumira sa mga forwardmost posisyon pagkatapos Nagbabalik sa baterya. Ang pinagsama kaligtasan - sunog selector lumipat ng natatanging hugis ay matatagpuan sa kanang bahagi ng receiver. Sa "posisyon Safe" (kataas-taasan) kandado ito ang tornilyo grupo at ang trigger, at nanilbihan din bilang isang takip alikabok. Ang gitnang posisyon ay para sa awtomatikong sunog, at sa ilalim na posisyon ay para sa mga isahang Shots. Ang kaligtasan / selector sunog lumipat ay itinuturing ng marami bilang pangunahing disbentaha ng buong disenyo AK, Aling ay hindi cured sa karamihan ng mga derivatives Hanggang ngayon. Ito ay mabagal, minsan hindi komportable at matigas para gumana (lalo na Pls suot guwantes o guwantes), at, Pls actuated, produces isang malakas na i-click at natatanging. Walang tornilyo aparato tumigil, at ang mga tornilyo palaging napupunta pasulong Pls ang huling pagbaril ay fired mula sa mga magasin.

AKM ay sawang mula sa 30 rounds, de selyo magasin bakal ng mabigat na, ngunit mabulas disenyo. Maagang AK ay magasin ng mataas at payat na disenyo, ngunit ang mas karaniwang AKM magasin itinampok karagdagang de selyo buto-buto sa mga panig. Ang tiyak na magazine catch ay matatagpuan lamang ng maaga ang trigger ng bantay at solidly kandado ang magazine sa lugar. Insertion at ang pagtanggal ng magasin ay nangangailangan ng kaunting pag-ikot ng magazine sa paligid nito harap itaas na sulok, na may isang solid kaladkarin pagsasara. Kung magagamit at kailangan, isang 40 round kahon magasin ng mga katulad na disenyo, o ang 75 rounds drums (kapwa mula sa mga RPK light machine gun) Maaaring maging ginamit. Huli sa produksyon magasin plastic ng natatanging ay nagpasimula ng mamula-mula kulay.

AKM Rifles ay ibinibigay sa mga kahoy na stock at putok ng humahawak. Nahuling produksyon AKM Rifles ay isang plastic putok ng mahigpit na pisil sa halip ng isang kahoy. Ang kahoy buttstock may bakal buttplate sa panghuli ng daga cover, na sumasaklaw sa mga dagdag na gamit sa lalagyan ang puwitan. Ang AK buttstock ay mas swept-down kaysa sa mga AKM. Ang natitiklop na bersyon stock ay binuo para sa mga nasa eruplano hukbo at ang isang nagkaroon nito underfolding bakal balikat stock. Ang mga pagbabago ng AK at AKM ay hinirang ng AKS at AKMS, ayon sa pagkakabanggit. AK ay inisyu sa nababakas kutsilyo-bayonets, at ang AKM nagpasimula ng isang bagong pattern ng Shorter, na layunin ng kutsilyo-bayonets, Aling Maaaring maging Ginamit sa kasabay ng kanyang saha sa form ng telegrama-pamutol. Lahat ng AK at AKM Rifles ay ibinibigay sa mga tolda dala slings.

Ang tanawin ng AKM partido sa nakatalukbong-post ng harap at ang U-bingaw bukas hulihan. Tanawin ay nagtapos 100-1000 (800 sa AK) metro, na may isang karagdagang "fixed" labanan ang setting na maaaring magamit para sa Lahat ng mga Saklaw ng hanggang sa 300 metros.

AKM Rifles Maaari rin maging marapat sa 40mm GP-25 launcher granada, na inimuntar sa ilalim ng forend at ang kanyon ng baril. Granada launcher ay nagkaroon ng kanyang sariling mga tanawin ang makikita sa kaliwang bahagi ng ang yunit.

Tags: AKM at AKMS , Espesyal na Sandatahan labanan Assault riple - Kalashnikov AK (AK-47) AKS

Espesyal na Sandatahan labanan Assault riple - Kalashnikov AK-74, AKS-74 at AK-74M

Mayo 3

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Kalashnikov AK-74, AKS-74 at AK-74M assault Rifles (USSR / Russia)

experimental 5.45mm Kalashnikov assault riple, ca. 1970

Konstantinov SA-006 experimental assault riple, ca. 1970

AK-74 5.45mm assault riple

AK-74 riple ng huli na produksyon, na may itim na plastic mga kasangkapan sa bahay at ang bagong pattern bayoneta

AKS-74. Folding makapal na bersyon para sa mga nasa eruplano hukbo

AK-74M. Ang pinakahuling iba, inisyu sa Ruso hukbo mula sa maagang 1990s. Key pagkakaiba mula sa unang AK-74 Rifles ang mga side-natitiklop na plastic buttstock at ang nasasakupan tumataas daang-bakal sa kaliwang bahagi ng receiver.

AK-74M sa GP-30 40mm granada tagapaglunsad-install

AK-74M sa buttstock nakatiklop

Ang standard na isyu N6 '7 '5: 45 × 39mm munisyon (tandaan lacquered asero kaso at slim, mahaba bullet)

	AK-74	AKS-74	AK-74M
Kalibre:	5:45 × 39 mm
Aksyon	Gas pinamamahalaan, umiikot tornilyo na may 2 lugs
Timbang, walang laman	3:07 kg	2.97 kg	3.4 kg
Length:	940 mm	940/700 mm	942/704 mm
Bariles haba	415 mm
Rate ng sunog	600-650 rounds bawat minuto
Magazine kapasidad	30 rounds standard

Ang mga ideya ng mga sandata nabawasan kakayahan para sa militar armas balikat ay nilalaro gamit para sa isang napaka-haba ng panahon. Ang bawat oras na ang teknolohiya leaped pasulong, ang standard calibers ay nabawasan - mula sa 0:45-0:50 pulgada (11.4 - 12.7mm) ng kalagitnaan ng 1800 sa 0.30 ng kalagitnaan ng 1900s. Ang ideya ng karagdagang pagbabawas ng kalibre down sa 6.5-6.5 mm (0.240-.220 inch) ay isinasaalang-alang din sa maraming bansa dahil sa simula ng XX Century, ngunit ito ay hindi Hanggang sa ang 1960s Pls sa ideya ng mababang salpok , maliit na-kalibre, mataas na bilis round ay dumating hanggang sa isang bagay na tunay. Kapag ang U. S. Hukbong pinagtibay ang M16 riple sa kalagitnaan ng 1960s, lahat ng tao sino pa ang paririto may interes mata Amerikano. At sa lalong madaling ang ideya ng mga maliliit na kalibre riple ay natagpuan kapaki-pakinabang, ang kabuuang rearming nagsimula.

Ang Sobiyet hukbo nagsimula ang pagbuo ng kanyang sariling maliit na-kalibre mga sandata sa unang bahagi ng 1960s. Matapos ilang taon ng pag-unlad, ang isang bagong ikot ay nilikha. round na ito itinampok isang bottlenecked, 39mm tapered mahaba kaso gawa sa bakal, ikinakarga sa slim, medyo matagal na bala sa isang maliit na kalibre ng 5.45mm (aktwal na bala ay diameter 5.62 mm). Ang bullet na itinampok sa isang pinagsamang bakal at humantong core sa guwang ilong, busalan katulinan mula sa 415mm kanyon ng baril ay tungkol sa 900 m / s. Ito dapat na kilala ang bagong 5.45mm mga sandata na itinampok sa isang bagong kaso ng Mas maliit diameter (kung ihahambing sa 7.62 × 39 M43 cartridges); ito na pinapayagan para sa pansindi at round din lutasin ang problema ng loading ng 7.62mm 5.45mm mga sandata sa mga armas sa pamamagitan ng pagkakamali (na otherwwise catastrophical maaaring magresulta sa isang kabiguan ng ang armas).
Sa sandali na ang mga bagong sandata ay magagamit at Tinanggap ng Sobyet Militar, ito ay nagpasya na bumuo ng isang bagong pamilya ng mga maliliit na armas sa paligid na ito kartutso, at ang mga opisyal na mga kinakailangan para sa isang bagong pamilya ng mga maliliit na armas ay ibinibigay sa lahat ng mga organisasyon pag-unlad sa 1966. Pagsubok ng bagong mga armas nagsimula sa 1968, at kailangang ito ay pinaka-Rifles That tandaan, na isinumite para sa mga pagsubok, ay ng mataas na mga advanced na disenyo, tulad ng sa pangunahing layunin ng mga bagong armas ay makabuluhang mapabuti ang hits probabilidad (kung ikukumpara sa 7.62mm AKM Rifles). Karamihan ay bumuo ng mga armas gamit kaya tinawag na "balanseng action", sa Aling mga karagdagang mass ay idadagdag sa mga aksyon sa kontra-udlot synchronously sa grupo na tornilyo, upang mabawasan ang epekto nito sa katatagan gun. Tungkol sa ang tanging armas ng mas o mas mababa maginoo disenyo ay sa entry sa pamamagitan ng Kalashnikov koponan - ito ay higit pa o mas mababa sa lumang riple AKM, nilikha para sa bagong 5.45mm mga sandata.

Pagkatapos ng malawak na mga pagsusuri at mga torturing dalawang armas ay ilagay sa harap para sa isang palugit na pagsubok tropa - ang maginoo A-3 ng Kalashnikov assault riple at "balanseng action 'SA-006 sa pamamagitan ng riple Konstantinov. Sa mga pagsubok na larangan sa huli ay natagpuan na maging mas tumpak (at Kaya mas labanan-mabisang), lalo na sa mga kamay ng average na sanay na sundalo, habang ang pagiging sapat na maaasahan. Sa kabila na, komisyon mga pagsubok ay may inirerekomenda ang Kalashnikov entry para sa mga ampon, tulad ng disenyo nito ay na pamilyar sa parehong industriya at hukbo, at ang posibilidad ng pagngingipin problema Habang produksyon at gamitin ay medyo mababa, kung ihahambing sa lahat ng mga bagong disenyo ng Konstantinov. Gayundin Bagong Kalashnikov riple ay mas simple sa disenyo, layter at medyo mas mura sa paggawa.

Ang pagsunod sa desisyon ng mga pagsubok komisyon, 5.45mm Kalashnikov assault riple ay opisyal na pinagtibay ng Sobiyet hukbo sa unang bahagi ng 1974 bilang "5.45mm Avtomat Kalashnikova, 1974 obraztsa teased (AK-74)." Talaga, ito ay ang Kapareho lumang AKM armas, inangkop sa Mas maliit 5.45mm mga sandata at karapat-dapat na may medyo malaking busalan preno. Isa pang tangi tampok ay natagpuan sa buttstock, sa anyo ng dalawang bilog lightening cuts sa magkabilang panig. Ang natitiklop na bersyon kulata, Kilalang bilang AKS-74, Aling ay inilaan para sa mga nasa eruplano hukbo, din na itinampok sa isang bagong uri ng natitiklop na buttstock - sa halip na ang pattern ng underfolding stock unang, na natagpuan sa Rifles 7.62mm AKMS, AKS-74 itinampok ang mas matibay at mahusay na side-natitiklop metal buttstock, Aling nakatiklop sa kaliwang bahagi ng baril.

Maagang produksyon baril itinampok kahoy at polimer pistola grips at handguards buttstocks. Mamaya sa produksyon ang lahat ng mga kasangkapan sa bahay ay ginawa mula sa polimer Ang "bersyon Night", Kilalang bilang ng AK-74N, ay panindang sa Night / tren IR saklaw idinagdag sa kaliwang bahagi ng receiver. Ang pinakahuling mga pagkakaiba-iba ng AK-74 pamilya ay nagpasimula ng mga circa 1991 at pinalitan ng produksyon sa parehong mga AK-74 at AKS-74. Iyon ay ang AK-74M riple, Aling ay pa rin sa produksyon at sa kasalukuyan ay isang standard na riple isyu ng Russian hukbo. Ang AK-74M ay nagkakaiba mula sa labas ng AK-74 ng huli 1980s produksyon sa pamamagitan ng pagkakaroon ng side-natitiklop na, solid black plastic buttstock at ang nasasakupan ng tren, inimuntar sa kaliwa bilang isang receiver bilang standard. Ang ilang mga Minor pagpapabuti ay din Made sa proseso ng produksyon at panlabas tapusin ng ang bagong riple. AK-74M pinanatili Halos lahat ng mga pakinabang at disadvantages unang Kalashnikov disenyo, kabilang ang pagiging maaasahan, simple ng operasyon at pagpapanatili, at mas mababa sa ideal na "tao engineering" at ergonomya. Sa kasalukuyan ang AK-74M, kasama ang unang AK-74/AKS-74 ba ang standard braso balikat ng Russian Army. Ang plano ng pagpapalit ito sa malawak na advertise na Nikonov ISANG-94 assault riple ay hindi natupad sa anumang makabuluhang lawak - ang ISANG-94 ay (at pinaka-malamang ay mula sa ilang mga) ibinibigay lamang tiyak na "pili" yunit ng Russian Army, pulis at ang Internal Affairs Ministry hukbo. Ang uri ng AK-74, isang 5.45mm assault Rifles ay din panindang sa East Germany, Bulgaria, Poland at Romania. Karamihan ng mga disenyo ng matapos ang bisa ng Warsaw PACT ay convert sa ang 5.56mm NATO mga sandata.

Para sa detalyadong teknikal na paglalarawan ng Kalashnikov assault riple, mangyaring sumangguni sa AK-47 / AKM artikulo sa site na ito.

Tags: AKS-74 at AK-74M , ang Espesyal na Sandatahan labanan Assault riple - Kalashnikov AK-74

Espesyal na Sandatahan labanan Assault riple FAMAS-pagkakabisa

Mayo 2

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Pagkakabisa FAMAS assault riple (France)

FAMAS F1 (orihinal na bersyon). Tandaan ang mga orihinal na tuwid FAMAS magazine na humahawak 25 rounds

FAMAS riple Nakuha sa mga pangunahing sangkap

FAMAS G2 (pinakabagong bersyon, na may 30 rounds STANAG magazine)

Pagbabago ng FAMAS G2, magagamit na ngayon mula sa pagkakabisa Industries

Espesyal na Sandatahan labanan Assault riple, Enfield SA-80

May 1

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Enfield SA-80: L85A1 and L85A2 assault rifle, L22 carbine (Great Britain)

Enfield SA80-IW (Individual Weapon), chambered for experimental 4,85×49 ammunition
image courtesy of LEI Ltd (UK)

L85A1 rifle, with carrying handle and front sight installed instead of more common SUSAT telescope sight

Upgraded L85A2 with SUSAT sight

British soldier sights the L85A2 rifle fitted with German-made 40mm grenade launcher

L22A1 carbine
image courtesy of LEI Ltd (UK)

L22A2 carbine, as issued to Royal Armoured Corps tank crews in Iraq; note that it has a Picatinny rail above the front grip
image courtesy of Tony Williams (UK)

Caliber : 5.56×45 NATO
Action: Gas operated, rotating bolt
Overall length : 780 mm (709 mm in Carbine variant)
Barrel length: 518 mm (442 mm in Carbine variant)
Weight : 4.13 kg (with SUSAT optical sight and no magazine); 5 kg with SUSAT and loaded with magazine with 30 rounds of ammunition
Magazine capacity: 30 rounds
Rate of fire : 650 rounds per minute
Effective range : about 500 meters (with SUSAT sights)

The development of the SA80 (Small Arms for 1980s) system, which included two weapons – SA80 IW (Infantry Weapon) assault rifle and SA80 LSW (Light Support Weapon) light machine gun, began in the late 1960s when British army decided to develop a new rifle, which will eventually replace the venerable 7.62mm L1 SLR (British-made FN FAL rifle) in the 1980s.

When NATO trials were announced in 1977 to select a new cartridge, British state-owned Enfield Small Arms Factory developed its own small-caliber, high velocity round, which was more or less representing the US .223/5.56mm case necked down to accept 4.85mm (0.19 inch) bullet. When cartridge came out, Royal Small Arms Factory at Enfield developed a new weapon around it, initially designated as SA80-IW or XL65. This weapon, being somewhat similar in outline to the much earlier British Enfield EM-2 assault rifle, was internally quite different, and, basically, was more or less the US-made Armalite AR-18 rifle, put into bullpup stock and rechambered for 4.85mm cartridge. After NATO trials, which resulted in adoption of the Belgian SS-109 version of the 5.56mm cartridge, Enfield engineers rechambered XL65 for this cartridge and continued its development under the designation of XL70. Due to Falkland war new system was actually adopted only in 1984. Original SA80 weapons (both L85 and L86) were plagued with many problems, some being very serious. In general, L85 was quite unreliable and troublesome to handle and maintain, so, finally, in the year 1997, after years of constant complaints from the troops, it had been decided to upgrade most L85 rifles then in service.

The upgrade program, committed in years 2000 – 2002, was completed by the famous Heckler&Koch, which was then owned by British Royal Ordnance company (German investors bought the HK back in the 2002). About 200 000 rifles were upgraded into the L85A2 configuration, out of total 320 000 or so original L85A1 rifles produced. While official reports about the upgraded weapons were glowing, the initial field reports from the British troops, engaged in the Afghanistan campaign of 2002, were unsatisfactory. Most problems, however, were traced to improper care and maintenance of weapons, and for now the L82A2 performs fairy well both in Afghanistan and Iraq.

Other than the basic L85A1 variant, the SA80 IW also appeared in the shortened Carbine version, and in the manually operated L98A1 rifle, which got its gas system removed and a larger cocking handle attached. The L98A1 is used to train the army cadets for basic rifle handling and shooting skills, and the rifle is fired as a manually operated, straight pull magazine repeater rifle. The latest weapon in the SA80 family is the recently adopted L22 carbine, which is issued to tank crews of Royal Armoured Corps. This weapon is available in two versions, L82A1 and L82A2, the latter being fitted with additional Picatinny rail on the right side of front grip base.

The current L85A2 rifles are recognized as reliable and very accurate, especially when using standard issue SUSAT telescope sights. The drawbacks of the L85A2 are somewhat poor balance (which can be improved with installation of HK-made 40mm underbarrel grenade launcher), right-side only extraction and rearward placement of the fire mode selector.

Technical description.
The L85 is a gas operated, magazine fed, selective fire rifle of bullpup layout.
The receiver of the L85 is made from stamped sheet steel, reinforced with welded and riveted machined steel inserts. The gas operated action has a short stroke gas piston, located above the barrel. The gas piston has its own return spring. Gas system has a three-positions gas regulator, one position for a normal firing, second for a firing in adverse conditions and the third for launching the rifle grenades (gas port is shut off). The machined bolt carrier rides inside the receiver on the two parallel steel guide rods, with the single return spring placed above and between the guide rods. The typical rotating bolt has 7 lugs that locks into the steel insert in the receiver, just behind the barrel breech. The charging handle is attached to the right side of the bolt carrier, and prior to A2 upgrade caused some problems by reflecting the ejected cases back into the action, thus causing stoppages. In the L85A2 configuration the charging handle was redesigned to avoid such problems. The charging handle slot is covered by the spring-loaded dust cover. The bolt and its extractor claw also were upgraded in the L85A2, to achieve more reliable extraction of the spent cases.
The trigger / hammer assembly of the L85A1 is also typical for a modern bullpup rifle, with the long link from the trigger to the hammer unit, located in the buttstock. The hammer assembly of the L85A2 was redesigned to introduce a slight delay before the hammer release when the gun is fired in the full auto. This did not affected the cyclic rate of fire but improved the reliability and stability of the weapon during the automatic fire. The fire mode selector is located at the left side of the receiver, well behind the magazine housing, and allows for single shots of full automatic modes of fire. The cross-bolt safety button is located above the trigger.
The barrel is rifled for a NATO-standard 5.56mm ammunition, with 1:7 twist, and is fitted with a NATO-standard flash hider, which allows to launch the rifle grenades from the barrel.
The L85 is fed using NATO-standard (STANAG) magazines, similar to M16 type magazines, with the standard capacity of 30 rounds. Early L85A1 steel magazines caused a lot of troubles, as well as a magazine housing itself, which had a thin walls that could be easily dented, thus blocking the magazine way. Both magazines and its housings were upgraded in the L85A2 configuration.
The standard sighting equipment is the 4X SUSAT (Sight Unit, Small Arms, Trilux) telescope, with illuminated reticle. The SUSAT is mounted on a quick-detachable mount at the top of the receiver, and features an emergency backup open sights at tits top. The SUSAT allows for an accurate fire (mostly in single shots) out to 400-500 meters. For a second-line troops an alternative sighting system is available, that consists of the removable front post sight with high base and post protection “ears”, and a detachable carrying handle with built-in diopter rear sight.
The L85 can be fitted with the proprietary knife-type multipurpose bayonet. L85A2 rifles also can be fitted with 40mm under-barrel grenade launcher, using special handguard. Launcher is made in Germany by Heckler-Koch.

Tags: Special Forces Combat Assault Rifle –Enfield SA-80

Espesyal na Sandatahan labanan Assault riple - CETME A, B, modelo 58, C Assault Rifles (Espanya)

Apr 29

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CETME A, B, modelo 58, C Assault Rifles (Spain)

Stg.45(M) – German predecessor to CETME rifles, made at the Mauser Werke in 1945

Early CETME assault rifle prototype chambered for experimental 7.92×40mm cartridge

CETME modelo A assault rifle, chambered for 7.62×51mm reduced load cartridge

CETME modelo B / mod. 58 with 30 rounds magazine

CETME modelo C rifle (semi-automatic only “Sporter” version shown)

data for CETME mod. B / Mod. 58 rifle
Caliber : 7.62×51 mm reduced power load; also 7.62×51mm NATO
Action: delayed blowback
Overall length : 1015 mm
Barrel length : 450 mm
Weight : 4.4 kg
Rate of fire : 550 – 600 rounds per minute
Magazine capacity : 20 or 30 rounds

The Spanish state company CETME (Centro de Estudios Tecnicos de Materiales Especiales – Special Materials Technical Studies Center, now known as Empresa National Santa Barbara) was founded in 1949 to develop various small arms for Spanish army. At about the same time it employed the German arms designer Ludwig Vorgrimler, who worked for the famous Mauser Werke in Germany before and during the World War 2. The Vorgrimler was the designer of the experimental German assault rifle, known as “Gerat 06″ or Stg.45(M). This rifle was not manufactured in any quantities, but its design served as a basis for further development at the CETME, and more important, at the another German company, Heckler & Koch, which obtained a license for the Vorgrimler / CETME rifle design circa 1957. This deal later resulted in the famous family of the H&K weapons, like the G3 and HK33 assault rifles, HK21 and HK23 machine guns, MP5 submachine guns and numerous other small arms that achieved a worldwide popularity. All those weapons are built using the delayed blowback system of operation, designed by Vorgrimler and his men at the Mauser in 1945 and refined by CETME.

The initial assault rifle development at the CETME was conducted around proprietary intermediate cartridge, known as 7.92×40mm CETME. This cartridge featured a long and streamlined bullet, made from aluminum. The overall design was found adequate, but cartridge was rejected in favor of the 7.62×51mm round with lighter bullet and a reduced powder charge. Improved rifle entered serial production in 1956 and was adopted by the Spanish army in 1957. In 1958 CETME introduced a slightly improved design, known as Modelo B or Model 58. This rifle was intended to fire 7.62×51mm reduced loads but also could fire the standard 7.62mm NATO, if the bolt group and the return spring are replaced with the appropriate set of parts. In 1964, CETME introduced the Modelo C, which also was adopted by Spanish Army, Navy and Air Force. This rifle was intended to fire only standard, full power 7.62×51mm NATO ammunition. Its key improvements were 4-position diopter sights (instead of the earlier leaf type open sights), wooden handguards instead of earlier steel ones, bipod was made as a separate part and, most important, the chamber was fluted to improve extraction and avoid torn rims and cartridge case failures in harsh environment conditions. Production of the modelo C rifle was ceased in 1976, and in 1980s it had been gradually replaced by its 5.56mm derivative, CETME Modelo L assault rifle.

All 7.62mm CETME rifles are built around Vorgrimlers' roller delayed blowback system. This system employs a two parts bolt with two rollers. The front bolt part (bolt head) is relatively light and has a bolt face with extractor on it. It also has a hollow cavity at the rear, in which an inclined forward end of the rear part of the bolt (bolt body) is inserted. The system features two rollers, inserted from the sides into the bolt head and rested on the inclined forward end of the bolt body ( see this diagram ; it will pop up in the new window). When gun is fired, the pressure began to move the cartridge back against the bolt face. The rollers, which are extended into the recesses in the barrel extension, began to move inward into the bolt head, due to inclined shape of the recesses. This movement translates into the faster rearward movement of the heavier bolt body, so, at the initial moments of shot, when pressure in the chamber is still high, bolt face moves relatively slow. When pressure drops to a reasonable level, rollers disengage the barrel extension completely and from this moment on the bolt head and the bolt body move backward at the same speed, extracting and ejecting spent case and chambering a fresh cartridge on the way back. All CETME rifles are firing from the closed bolt. The trigger mechanism is hammer fired, and in military versions is capable in semi-automatic and fully automatic modes of fire. On the early models the safety / fire mode selector switch was located above the trigger at the right side of the gun. From the model C the safety / selector switch was relocated to the left side of the gun. The receiver is made from steel sheet stampings, as well as the trigger group housing, which is hinged to the receiver just behind the magazine housing. Early models (prior to Modelo C) were issued with integral folding metallic bipods and open leaf-type rear sights. The Modelo C rifles were issued with wooden handguards and a separate detachable bipods. The rear sights were replaced by the 4 positions diopter sights, marked for 100 – 400 meters range. All rifles featured a wooden buttstock and a folding carrying handle above the receiver. The flash hider of the Modelo C rifles was shaped to accept and launch NATO-standard rifle grenades. Most rifles were issued with magazines of 20 rounds capacity and made of steel, but 30 rounds magazines also were available.

Tags: B , C Assault Rifles (Spain) , CETME A , modelo 58

Espesyal na Sandatahan labanan Assault riple - mangangantiyaw & Koch G3

Apr 29

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Heckler & Koch G3 rifle (Germany)

Earliest variant of G3 rifle with flip-up rear sight and metallic ventilated handguards

G3A3 with drum type rear sight, plastic ventilated handguards and fixed stock

G3A3 with attached bayonet and plain plastic handguards of more modern appearance

G3A4 – retractable butt version of the G3

G3KA4 – the shortest G3 variant with retractable buttstock and most modern integral pistol grip / trigger unit made entirely of plastic

Caliber : 7.62mm NATO (.308 win)
Action: Roller-delayed blowback
Weight : 4.5kg
Overall length : 1023 mm
Barrel length : 450 mm (315 mm on G3KA4 model)
Magazine capacity : 20 rounds

During the early- to mid-1950s West Germany, like the other NATO countries, faced the need for rearming its army for the newest common 7.62×51mm NATO caliber small arms. Initially Germans preferred the Belgian FN FAL rifle, and adopted it circa 1956 under the designation of G1. Due to obvious reasons Germany wanted to manufacture its military rifles, and attempted to buy a manufacturing license for FAL, but Belgium rejected the deal. So, Germany turned to the another design, available from Spanish company CETME, and known as the CETME mod. A rifle. Germany bought the manufacturing license for CETME rifle and transferred it to the Heckler und Koch (HK) company, located in Oberndorf. HK slightly modified the CETME design, and in 1959 the Bundeswehr (W.Germany Army) finally adopted the CETME / Heckler – Koch rifle as G3 (Gewehr 3 – Rifle, [model] 3). Since that time and until the 1995 the G3 in various modifications served as a general issue shoulder weapon not only for German Armed forces, but also for many other countries. Those include Greece, Iran, Mexico, Norway, Pakistan, Portugal, Sweden, Turkey and many other countries. Total of more than 50 countries during the last 40 years issued the G3 to its forces. The G3 was or still is manufactured in countries like the Greece, Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, Portugal and others. The key reason of high popularity of the G3 is that it is much simpler and cheaper to manufacture, than its major contemporary rivals – Belgian FN FAL and US M14. To the best of my knowledge, the HK itself continued to produce and offer the G3 until the year 2000 or 2001, when it finally disappeared from HK catalogs and web-sites. However, the HK still manufactures a wide variety of firearms, based on the G3 design but of different purposes and calibers, like 9mm MP-5 submachine guns, 5.56mm HK 33 assault rifles, 5.56mm and 7.62mm HK 23 and HK 21 machine guns, PSG1 sniper rifles etc. In general, the HK G3 rifle can be described as one of the best 7.62mm NATO battle / assault rifles – reliable, versatile, controllable, non-expensive and, finally, very popular. For the civilian markets, HK produced the semi-automatic only versions of the G3, initially known as HK 41 and later – as HK 91.

The G3 rifle is a selective fire, magazine fed rifle, built using delayed blowback action, developed by German engineers at Mauser Werke late in the 2nd World War and refined in Spain, at the CETME company. Initial models of the G3 rifle were quite similar to CETME rifles, and even had “CETME” markings on the receivers (until 1961 or so). The roller-delayed blowback action is described under the CETME Rifles, so I will not repeat it here. The G3 is built using as many stamped parts as possible. The receiver is stamped from sheet steel. The trigger unit housing along with pistol handle frame, also are stamped from steel and hinged to the receiver using the cross-pin in the front of the trigger unit, just behind the magazine housing. Earliest G3 rifles also featured stamped handguards and CETME-type flip-up rear diopter sights. In the mid-1960s the initial design was upgraded to the G3A3 and G3A4 configurations. These rifles had ventilated plastic handguards and a drum-type rear diopter sights, marked from 100 to 400 meters. The G3A3 was a fixed butt version, with buttstock made from plastic, and the G3A4 was a telescope butt version, with retractable metallic buttstock with rubber buttplate. Late German production G3A3 and G3A4 models were built using new trigger units, integral with restyled pistol grip and triggerguard, made from plastic. The shortest version of the G3 was the G3KA4, similar to G3A4 but with shortened barrel. Every G3 rifle can be equipped with detachable bipods, claw-type detachable scope mounts. Long-barreled versions can be fitted with bayonet or used to launch rifle grenades from the barrel. Folding cocking handle is located on the special tube above the barrel, at the left side, and does not reciprocate when gun is fired. The safety / fire selector is located above the triggerguard on the left side of the trigger group housing and usually is marked “S – E – F” (Safe – Single shots – Full auto). Latest models could have selectors marked with colored icons.

Tags: Special Forces Combat Assault Rifle – Heckler & Koch G3

Espesyal na Sandatahan labanan Assault riple - Armalite / Colt AR-15 / M16

Apr 27

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Armalite / Colt AR-15 / M16 assault rifle (USA)

original military issue AR-15 / M16 rifle (circa 1965), with no forward assist and with the original three-prong flash hider

M16A1 rifle, with the forward assist, “bird cage” flash hider and the 20 rounds magazine (1967)

M16A1 rifle with 30 rounds magazine and a 40mm M203 grenade launcher attached (circa mid-1970s)

M16A2 rifle, with the heavy barrel, modified rear sights, spent case deflector, round handguards and modified pistol handle (circa mid-1980s)

M16A3 “flat top” upper receiver with the Picatinny rail and the removable carrying handle

Speak about the flexibility: just three of many dozens upper receiver options available on the market for the commercial and military AR-15 type rifles.

Click here to see the M16A1 field-stripping (18 Kb jpeg, will open in the new window)

Click here to see typical markings and controls on the M16A1 rifle (15 Kb jpeg, will open in the new window)

Click here to see M16A3 receiver X-ray image. Aluminum parts are in blue color, steel parts are black (20 Kb jpeg, will open in the new window)

Click here for exploded view of the AR15 (260Kb jpeg, will open in the new window)

Click here to view a front page from famous US Army M16A1 comics book (55 Kb jpeg, will open in the new window)

Buy AR-15 rifles and accessories at Impact Guns online store

Buy Colt AR-15 rifles and accessories at Impact Guns online store

	M16A1	M16A2
Caliber	5.56×45mm (.223 Remington), M193	5.56×45mm NATO / M855
Action	gas operated, rotating bolt
Overall length	986 mm	1006 mm
Barrel length	508 mm	508 mm
Weight, empty / loaded w. 30 rounds	2.89 kg / 3.6 kg	3.77 kg / 4.47 kg
Magazine capacity	20 or 30 rounds standard
Rate of fire, cyclic	650 – 750 rounds per minute	800 rounds per minute
Muzzle velocity	945 m/s	975 m/s
Maximum effective range	460 meters	550 meters

The history of the development, introduction and the service of the US Rifle, 5.56mm, M16, is a long and a controversial one. I'll try to cut this story as short as possible, and will highlight only some most important periods and events. So, let's start.

1948 . US Army's Operations Research Office (ORO) conducts a research about small arms effectiveness. This research was completed by the early 1950 with the conclusion that the most desirable infantry small arms should be of 22 caliber, select-fire and with high velocity bullets, effective up to 300 meters or so.
1953 – 1957 . US DOD conducts the next research, “Project SALVO”, that also lead to the desirability of .22 caliber high-velocity infantry rifle
1957 . The US Army requests the Armalite Division of the Fairchild Aircraft Corp to develop a rifle of .22 caliber, lightweight, select-fire, and capable to penetrate the standard steel helmet at 500 meters. The Eugene Stoner, then a designer at the Armalite, began to develop this rifle, based on his earlier design, 7.62mm AR-10 battle rifle. At the same time, experts at the Sierra Bullets and the Remington, in conjunction with Armalite, began do develop a new .22 caliber cartridge, based on the .222 Remington and .222 Remington Magnum hunting cartridges. This development, initially called the .222 Remington Special, was finally released as .223 Remington (metric designation 5.56×45mm).
1958 . Armalite delivers first new rifles, called the AR-15, to the Army for testing. Initial tests display some reliability and accuracy problems with the rifle.
1959 . Late that year Fairchild Co, being disappointed with the development of the AR-15, sold all rights for this design to the Colt's Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company.
1960 . Eugene Stoner leaves the Armalite and joins the Colt. The same year Colt demonstrated the AR-15 to the US Air Force Vice Chief of Staff, Gen. LeMay. Gen. LeMay wanted to procure some 8 000 AR-15 rifles for US AF Strategic Air Command security forces to replace ageing M1 and M2 carbines.
1962 . US DoD Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) purchases 1000 AR-15 rifles from Colt and sends those rifles to the South Vietnam, for field trials. Same year brings glowing reports about the effectiveness of the new “black rifle”, used by South Vietnamese forces.
1963 . Colt receives contracts for 85 000 rifles for US Army (designated as XM16E1) and for further 19 000 rifles for US Air Forces (M16). The US AF M16 was no more than an AR-15 rifle with appropriate markings. The XM16E1 differed from AR-15/M16 by having an additional device, the so called “forward assist”, which was used to manually push the bolt group in place in the case of jams.
1964 . US Air Forces officially adopted new rifle as M16. Same year US Army adopted the XM16E1 as a limited standard rifle, to fill the niche between discontinued 7.62mm M14 rifle and the forthcoming SPIW system (which newer got past the prototype and trial stages).
1966 . Colt was awarded with the contract for some 840 000 rifles for US Armed forces, worth almost $92 millions.
1967 . US Army adopted the XM16E1 rifle as a standard “US Rifle, 5.56mm, M16A1″, on 28 February 1967.
1965 – 1967 . Field reports from Vietnam began to look much more pessimistic. M16 rifles, issued to US troops in the Vietnam, severely jammed in combat, resulting in numerous casualties. There were some causes for malfunction. First of all, during the introduction of the new rifle and its ammunition into the service, US Army replaced originally specified Dupont IMR powder with standard ball powder, used in 7.62×51mm NATO ammunition. The ball powder produced much more fouling, that quickly jammed the actions of the M16 unless the gun was cleared well and often. This pitifully combined with the fact that the initial M16 rifles were promoted by the Colt as “low maintenance”, so, for the sake of economy, no cleaning supplies were procured for new M16 rifles, and no weapon care training was conducted fro the troops. As a result, soldiers did not knew how to clean their rifles, and had no provisions for cleaning, and thing soon turned bad. To add the trouble, the ball powders also had a different pressure curve, so they produced higher pressures at the gas port, giving the rise to the rate of fire, and, thus, decreasing accuracy and increasing parts wear.
1967 – 1970 . The deficiencies discovered in previous years began do dissolve. 5.56mm ammunition was now loaded using different powders that produce much less residue in the gun action. The barrel, chamber and bolt of the rifles were chrome-lined to improve corrosion resistance. Cleaning kits were procured and issued to troops, and a special training programs were developed and conducted ever since. Earliest cleaning kits could be carried separate from rifle only, but since circa 1970 all M16A1 rifles were manufactured with the containment cavity in the buttstock, that held the cleaning kit. At the same time (circa 1970) the new 30 rounds magazines were introduced into service instead of the original 20 rounds ones, to equal Soviet and Chinese AK-47 assault rifles, which had 30-rounds magazines from the very beginning.
1977 – 1979 . NATO trials lead to the adoption of the improved 5.56×45mm cartridge, developed in Belgium by FN. This cartridge, initially developed in conjunction with the FN Minimi light machine gun, featured a slightly heavier bullet with accordingly slightly lower muzzle velocity. The resulting long-range performance, however, improved due to the better ballistic coefficient of the new bullet. The SS109 required a faster rifling twist to stabilize its bullet, than the original 5.56×45mm US M193 ammunition. The M193 was used with barrels rifled with 1:12 twist (1 turn in 12 inches), and SS109 was preferred to be fired with 1:7 twist (1 turn in 7 inches). Some arms manufacturers preferred to make their guns with intermediate 1:9 rifling, which would be equally good (or bad) for both old and new loadings.
1981 . Colt developed a variation of the M16A1, adapted for the SS109/5.56mm NATO cartridge, and submitted it to the military trials as the M16A1E1. This rifle differed from the M16A1 by having the heavier barrel with faster 1:7 rifling, a different type rear sights (adjustable for both range and windage), round handguards instead of triangular ones, and by replacing the full-auto fire mode with the burst (limited to 3 rounds per trigger pull), to preserve the ammunition.
1982 . M16A1E1 is type-classified by US DoD as the “US Rifle, 5.56mm, M16A2″.
1983 . US Marine Corps adopted the M61A2 rifle.
1985 . US Army officially adopted the M16A2 as the general issue infantry rifle.
1988 . The FN Manufacturing Co, an US subsidiary of the FN Herstal (Belgium), becomes the key contractor to US DoD for production of the M16A2 rifles. Colt continues the development and manufacture of the AR-15 / M16 type rifles only for civilian and law enforcement markets from that point.
1994 . Adoption of the latest variations of the M16 breed. Those include: M16A3and M16A4 rifles, with “flat top” receivers, that had a Picatinny accessory rails in the place of the integral carrying handle. The rail can be used to mount detachable carrying handle with iron rear sights, or various sighting devices (Night/IR, optics etc). The M16A4 otherwise is similar to M16A2, while M16A3 has a full-auto capability instead of the 3-rounds burst. Two other newest AR-15 offsprings are the M4 and M4A1 carbines, which are described in the separate article on this site.

The M16 is still a general-issue rifle with the US Armed forces. It is also widely used by the US Law Enforcement agencies, either in military form (for example, the LAPD had some M16s, retired from Army), or in “civilian” semi-automatic only form. The AR-15 style rifles are made in the USA by at least dozen large companies, such as Armalite, Bushmaster, Colt, FN Manufacturing, Hesse, Les Baer, Olympic, Wilson Combat, and by number of smaller companies, many of which do assembly their rifles from components made by some other major manufacturers. M16-type rifles also manufactured outside of the USA, most notably in the Canada, by Diemaco Co. China also makes some AR-15 type rifles at NORINCO state factories. M16 rifles are used by many foreign military groups, most notably the British SAS, who preferred the M16 over the infamous L85A1 rifle, and by many others.

At the present time almost all initial flaws of the M16 are bugged out, and it is considered among the best assault rifles in the world. While its reliability in the harsh conditions cannot match reliability of its main rival, the Kalashnikov AK-47 and AK-74, it is still a quite reliable rifle, especially when well maintained. It is also comfortable to fire and quite accurate.

One of the key advantages of the Stoner design, that must be especially stressed, is the extreme flexibility of the construction. At the present time the interchangeable complete “uppers” are available in various barrel lengths and profiles (from 7 to 24 inches long, slim and heavy), in dozens of rifle and pistol calibers (from tiny but fast .17 Remington and up to monstrous .458 SOCOM, and from .22LR and 9mm Luger up to mighty .50AE). Special, manually single-shot uppers are commercially available in the extremely powerful .50BMG (12.7×99mm) caliber. Various “lowers” offer a broad variety of trigger units, buttstocks and other options. This advantage is viable for both military (especially Spec Ops), Law Enforcement, and civilian applications, as it allows to tailor any particular AR-15 type rifle to the current situation and tactical needs.

M16 / AR-15 Technical description

The original AR-15 rifle is a gas operated, selective fire, magazine fed weapon. Every rifle from the M16 family is generally the same, but most civilian AR-15 type rifles are semi-automatic only.

The heart of the AR-15 is the direct gas system, developed by the Eugene Stoner in the early 1950s. This system uses no conventional gas piston and rod to propel bolt group back after the shot is fired. Instead, the hot powder gases are fed from the barrel and down to the stainless steel tube into the receiver. Inside the receiver, the rear end of the gas tube enters into the “gas key”, a small attachment on the top of the bolt carrier. The hot gases, through the gas key, enter the hollow cavity inside the bolt carrier, and expands there, acting against the bolt carrier and the collar around the bolt body. The pressure of the gases causes the bolt carrier to move back against initially stationary bolt. The linear rearward movement of the carrier initially transferred into the rotation of the bolt, via the cam slot in the bolt carrier and the cam pin, attached to the bolt, that followed the slot. As soon as the bolt is rotated to unlock from the barrel, the bolt group continues its rearward travel under the inertia and the residual pressure in the barrel, extracting the spent case and compressing the buffer return spring, located in the buttstock. The forward movement of the bolt group first strips the fresh cartridge from the magazine and, on the final stage of the movement, rotates the bolt to lock into the barrel extension. The bolt has 7 radial locking lugs, eight lug is located on the extractor claw. Since the introduction of the XM16E1 rifle, the forward assist device is used on all military and most civilian AR-15 type rifles. This device consist of the spring-loaded button with internal claw, that engages the serrations on the right side of the bolt carrier to push it forward, if the pressure of the return spring is insufficient to do so (for example, due to the fouling inside the receiver or chamber). The rifle will not fire unless the bolt is locked and the bolt carrier is in its forwardmost position. The bolt carrier and the bolt itself are chrome-plated. Another feature of the AR-15 type rifles is the bolt catch device, that locks the bolt group in the open position when the last round is fired. To release the bolt group one must push the button, located at the left side of the receiver, above the magazine. The “T”-shaped cocking handle is located at the rear of the receiver, above the buttstock, and does not reciprocate when gun is fired.

The trigger/hammer group is basically similar to one, found in M1 Garand rifle, and, actually, traces its roots back to the early 1900s, when the great John M. Browning developed his famous Auto-5 semiautomatic shotgun. This basically consists of a hammer, a trigger, a disconnector, a full auto sear and some springs. The fire selector / safety switch is located at the left side of the receiver, above the pistol grip, and is easily operated by the right hand thumb. This switch has 3 positions: “safe”, “semi” (single shots), and “auto” (full automatic on M16A1 and A3) or “burst” (3 rounds bursts, on M16A2 and A4). In the latter case (on the M16A2 and A4 rifles), the trigger unit also includes the ratchet device to count the shots fired.

The ejection port is located at the right side of the receiver, and is closed by the spring-loaded dust cover, which automatically pops open when bolt carrier is pulled back. The M16A2 also featured the spent case deflector – a triangular bulb on the receiver, just behind the ejection port, that allows the gun to be safely fired left-handed.

The M16 is fed using box magazines. Earliest magazines were made from aluminum and held 20 rounds. Circa 1970 the new, 30 rounds magazines were introduced into service and these magazines are still in service now. An extremely wide variety of magazines available on the commercial marked, starting from the “US post-ban” 5 and 10 round magazines, and up to 40-rounds box, 90-rounds helical, 100-rounds dual drums (Beta-C) and 120-rounds single drums.

The receiver is made from aluminum alloy, and consists of two parts – “upper receiver” and “lower receiver” (sometimes referred simply as “upper” and “lower”). Most receivers are made from aluminum forgings by machining, but some commercially available receivers are made from aluminum castings with final drilling and machining. The upper and lower receivers are linked by two cross-pins – one at the front (pivot pin), and one at the rear, above the pistol grip (takedown pin). To field strip the AR-15, one must push the rear pin to the right as far as it will go, and then hinge the upper receiver around the front pin. This will allow the bolt group and the carrying handle to be removed from the upper receiver. For further disassembly, the front pin also must be pushed out, and the upper and lover receiver can be separated. The key benefit of this design is the great flexibility – if all components available are made to the same specifications (in most cases they are), one can easily swap various upper receivers on one lower receiver and vice versa. Since the complete “upper” module consist also of the bolt group and the barrel with the gas system, one can easily have different barrel lengths, styles (light, heavy, fluted, bull), and even calibers, for one “lower” group, that consists of the lower receiver with the trigger/hammer unit, recoil buffer, pistol grip and the buttstock.

The furniture on military rifles is made from the black plastic, hence the common name “the black rifle”. On the early AR-15 and M16A1 rifles, the handguards were of triangular cross-section, and were made from two non-interchangeable parts. On the M16A2 and latter rifles, the handguards are of round cross-section, and have two interchangeable upper-lower sections. The buttstock on the M16A2 is similar in design to one of M16A1, but slightly longer. The one disadvantage of the Stoner system is that it can not be adapted for conventional folding buttstock. Instead, if required, a telescoped stock is used, that allows to shorten the rifle when required by about the half of the length of the standard stock. M16 is usually equipped with sling, and can accept a knife – bayonet, either an old style M7, or a newer style M9. The flash hiders on the earliest AR-15s and M16s were prong-type, with three open slots, but later were replaced with “bird-cage” flash hiders with four (M16A1) or five (M16A2) slots.

Both M16A1 and M16A2 can be equipped with underbarrel 40mm M203 grenade launcher. M203 mount replaces the standard handguards on the rifle and requires a grenade launcher sight to be mounted on the carrying handle.

Standard sights of the M16A1 consist of a protected front post, mounted on the gas block, and of an aperture flip-up rear, with 2 range settings. Rear sights are mounted within the carrying handle and are adjustable for windage. The A2 style rear sight also features an flip-up, dual aperture sights, with one smaller aperture for daylight usage, and another larger aperture for low light conditions. The range adjustments are made by the rotating knob, located just under the sight. The front sight is generally the same as on the M16A1. The M16A3 and A4 rifles have detachable carrying handles with A2 sights, and the Picatinny-type MilStd rail on the top of the receiver, that can accept a wide variety of sighting devices and mounts.

Tags: Armalite / Colt AR-15 / M16 , Special Forces Combat Assault Rifle

Espesyal na Sandatahan labanan Assault riple - Colt M4 at M4A1

Apr 26

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Colt M4 and M4A1 carbine / assault rifle (USA)

Colt M4 carbine, current issue model with removable carrying handle

M4A1 carbine (current production model with removable carrying handle)

Old-style M4 carbine (integral carrying handle) with M203 40mm grenade launcher.

Caliber : 5.56mm NATO
Action: Gas operated, rotating bolt
Overall length : 838 mm (stock extended); 757 mm (stock fully collapsed)
Barrel length : 370 mm
Weight : 2.52 kg without magazine; 3.0 kg with magazine loaded with 30 rounds
Rate of fire : 700 – 950 rounds per minute
Maximum effective range : 360 m

The Colt company developed various carbine versions of the basic AR-15 / M16 rifle since 1970s. These carbines were intended for all markets – military, law enforcement, civilian. US Military (and some other armies, most notably – Israeli Self-Defense Forces) had adopted the Colt CAR-15 Commando and XM-177 carbines during the 1970s and 1980s. But early in 1990s the old idea of replacing the pistols in the hands of the troops with some more effective, shoulder fired weapon, rise again in the heads of the US Military. In fact, this idea can be dated back to the US M1 Carbine of 1941, but good ideas never die. So, in the 1994, US Army adopted the Colt Model 720 selective-fire carbine (basically, a shortened M16A2 rifle), as the US M4 Carbine. This weapon was intended to replace in service some M9 pistols, as well as some aged M3A1 submachine guns and some M16A2 rifles. New weapon was much more handy and comfortable to carry, than the long M16A2 rifle, so the US Special Operations Command (SOCOM) put its eye on the M4 as a possible universal weapon for all Special Operations community. For this purpose M4 was latter modified with the M16A3-style flat-top receiver with integral Picatinny-type accessory rail instead of the M16A2/M4-type integral carrying handle. This modificatin retained the M4 index. The only difference between the M4A1 and M4 is that its trigger unit of M4A1 is modified to fire full-auto instead of the three shots bursts in M4. Specially for the SOCOM M4A1s US Naval Surface Warfare Center developed a SOPMOD M4 kit, that consisted of the M4A1 carbine equipped with Rail Interface System (RIS) instead of the standard handguards. The kit also includes a variety of the add-on goodies, such as various sights (ACOG 4X telescopic, ACOG Reflex red-dot, detachable back-up open sights), laser pointers (visible and infra-red), detachable sound suppressor (silencer), modified M203 40mm grenade launcher (with shortened barrel and improved sights). The kit also included a detachable front grip and tactical light.

From the first sight, the M4A1 SOPMOD is an ideal Special Operations weapon – handy, flexible, with good firepower. But the latest experience in the Afghanistan showed that the M4 has some flaws. First of all, the shorter barrel commands the lower bullet velocities, and this significantly decreased the effective range of the 5.56mm bullet. Second, the M4 barrel and the forend rapidly overheats. Third, the shortened barrel resulted in the shortened gas system, which works under greater pressures, than in M16A2 rifle. This increases the rate of fire and produces more stress on the moving parts, decreasing the reliability. While adequate as a Personal Defense Weapon for the non-infantry troops (vehicle crews, clerks, staff officers etc), M4A1 is, by some accounts, less than ideal for the Special Operations troops, at least in its present state. The idea of the complete re-arming of the US Army with the M4 as a money-saving measure, also is somewhat dubious.

Technical description.
The M4 carbine differs from the M16A2 rifle only by having a shorter barrel and a telescoped, 4-position buttstock. The M4A1 is a similar modification of the M16A3 rifle.

Tags: Colt M4 and M4A1 , Special Forces Combat Assault Rifle

Espesyal na Sandatahan labanan Assault riple - HK G36

Apr 24

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Heckler-Koch HK G36 assault rifle (Germany)

HK G36 assault rifle (standard German army version with dual sight system) with 40mm AG36 underbarrel grenade launcher
Image: Heckler-Koch

HK G36E rifle (Export version) with single 1.5X telescope sight and spare magazine clamped to the left side of the inserted one.
Image: Heckler-Koch

HK G36 assault rifle with optional accessory kit which includes forearm with four Picatinny rails and a low-profile scope rail on the receiver
Image: Heckler-Koch

HK G36K “short” (Kurz) assault rifle, with buttstock folded; standard version with iron sights and Picatinny rail
Image: Heckler-Koch

HK G36KE short assault rifle, export version, with 'E' type telescope sight / carrying handle setup
Image: Heckler-Koch

HK G36C 'Compact' or 'Commando' assault rifle, with optional Picatinny rails on forend
Image: Heckler-Koch

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	G36	G36K	G36C
Caliber	5.56×45mm (.223 Rem)
Length (buttstock open / folded)	998 / 758 mm	860 / 615 mm	720 / 500 mm
Barrel length	480 mm	320 mm	228 mm
Weight empty	3.6 kg (3.3 kg G36E)	3.3 kg (3.0 kg G36KE)	2.8 kg
Magazine capacity	30 rounds standard
Rate of fire	750 rounds per minute

The Heckler und Koch G-36 assault rifle had been born as HK-50 project in early 1990s. The reason behind that project was that the Bundeswehr (the German army), after the cancellation of the G11 and G41 projects, was left with outdated G3 rifle and no modern rifle, compatible with the current NATO standards at hands. Therefore the famous company Heckler & Koch was set to develop a new assault rifle for both German army and the export. The new 5.56mm assault rifle has been adopted by the Bundeswehr in the 1995, and in the 1999 the Spain adopted its slightly different, export version, G36E as its standard infantry rifle. The G36 also found its way into the hands of various law enforcement agencies worldwide, including British police and some US police departments. So far I've heard very few complaints about this rifle, and a lot of good revives and opinions. In fact, the only complaints about G36 that I know are the overheating of the handguards during the sustained fire, and the loose of zero of built in scope on some G36KE rifles, used by US police. Some German soldiers also complained about position of dual optical sights and those sights being easily fogged in bad weather (rain or snow). Otherwise it is a good rifle, accurate, reliable, simple in operations and maintenance, and available in a wide variety of versions – from the short-barreled Commando (some even said that it's a submachine gun) G36C and up to a standard G36 rifle. The MG36 squad automatic weapon (light machine gun), which was initially designed as a heavy-barreled version of the G36, was in fact a short-lived proposition that never went into mass production.

The G36, in severely modified form, was used as a “kinetic energy” part of the now-cancelled US XM-29 OICW weapon and it also served as a base for XM8 assault rifle (also cancelled).

Technical description.
From the technical point of view, the G36 is a radical departure from all the previous HK rifles, based on the proven G3 roller-delayed system. The G36 is a conventional gas operated, selective fire rifle, made from most modern materials and using most modern technologies.

The receiver and most of the others external parts of the G36 are made from reinforced polymers, with steel inserts where appropriate. The operating system appears to be a modification of the older American Armalite AR-18 rifle, with short stroke gas piston, located above the barrel, square-shaped bolt carrier and the typical rotating bolt with 7 locking lugs. Of cause, there also are many differences from the AR-18. The bolt carrier rides on a single guide rod, with the return spring around it. The charging handle is attached to the top of the bolt carrier and can be rotated to the left or to the right. When not in use, the charging handle aligns itself with the axis of the weapon under the pressure of its own spring, and reciprocates with the bolt group at the top of the receiver. The gas block is fitted with the self-adjustable gas valve that expels all the used gases forward, away from the shooter. The ejection window is located at the right side of the receiver and features a spent cases deflector to propel the ejected cases away from the face of the left-handed shooter.

All the major parts are assembled on the receiver using the cross- pins, so rifle can be disassembled and reassembled back without any tools.

The typical HK trigger unit is assembled in a separate plastic housing, integral with the pistol grip and the triggerguard. Thanks to this feature, a wide variety of firing mode combinations can be used on any rifle, simply by installing the appropriate trigger unit. Standard options are single shots, full automatic fire, 2 or 3 round bursts in any reasonable combinations. The default version is the single shots + 2 rounds burst + full auto. The ambidextrous fire selector lever also serves as a safety switch.

G36 is fed from the proprietary 30-rounds box magazines, made from translucent plastic. All magazines have special studs on its sides, so two or three magazines can be clipped together for faster reloading. The magazine housings of the G36 are made as a separate parts, so G36 can be easily adjusted to the various magazine interfaces. By the standard, the magazine release catch is located just behind the magazine, in the G3 or AK-47 style, rather than on the side of the magazine housing ( M16 -style). A 100-round Beta-C dual drum magazines of US origins also can be used (these magazines are standard for the MG36 squad automatic versions of the G36).

The side-folding skeletonized buttstock is standard on all G36 rifles. It folds to the right side and does not interfere with rifle operation when folded.

The standard sighting equipment of the G36 consists of the TWO scopes – one 3.5X telescope sight below, with the second 1X red-dot sight above it. The sights are completely independent, with the former suitable for long range accurate shooting, and the latter suitable for the fast target acquisition at the short ranges. Both sights are built into the plastic carrying handle. The export versions of the G36 are available with the single 1.5X telescope sight, with the emergency open sights molded into the top of the carrying handle. The subcompact G36K Commando version is available with the integral Picatinny-type scope and accessory rail instead of the carrying handle and standard sights.

The standard G36 rifles can be fitted with the HK AG36 40mm underbarrel grenade launcher. It also can be fitted with the bayonets. Interestingly enough, G36 uses an AK-74 -type bayonets, which are left from the now non-existent NVA (East Germany Army) stocks.

Tags: HK G36 , Special Forces Combat Assault Rifle - HK G36

Espesyal na Sandatahan labanan Assault riple - HK417

Apr 23

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Heckler-Koch HK417 assault rifle (Germany)

2006 prototype of HK417 rifle with 20″ barrel; note that it used HK G3-compatible magazines
Image: Heckler & Koch

current (2008) version of HK417 rifle with 12″ / 30cm barrel, basic version
Image: Heckler & Koch

current (2008) version of HK417 rifle with 12″ / 30cm barrel, fitted with telescope sight with night vision adapter, folding bipod and a sound moderator (silencer)
Image: Heckler & Koch

current (2008) version of HK417 rifle with 16″ / 40cm barrel
Image: Heckler & Koch

current (2008) version of HK417 rifle with 20″ / 50cm barrel, with telescope sight and detachable bipod
Image: Heckler & Koch

Caliber : 7,62×51mm NATO
Action: Gas operated, rotating bolt
Overall length : 905 – 985 mm with 406 mm barrel / 35.6″ – 38.8″ with 16″ barrel
Barrel length : 305 mm / 12″, 406 mm / 16″ or 508 mm / 20″
Weight : 4.36 kg – 4.96 kg, depending on barrel length
Rate of fire : 600 rounds per minute
Magazine capacity : 10 or 20 rounds

HK417 assault rifle was recently developed by famous German arms-making company Heckler und Koch, as a “big brother” to the 5.56mm HK416 assault rifle . Information on this weapon first surfaced in 2005, on the wave of new interest for the 7.62mm NATO caliber military rifles. This interest came in from experience of international forces gained in Afghanistan and Iraq, where increased range and penetration of the 7.62mm NATO bullets was (and still is) quite useful. Several companies developed new or updated versions of 7.62mm weapons, with intent to sell to military, law enforcement and in certain cases – to civilian shooters as well. The HK417 is one of such weapons. It is primarily oriented toward US market, as it mimics the popular 5.56mm AR-15 / M16 rifles in external appearance, controls, and many design features. However, there are more than few new and original features in HK417, including Heckler-Koch's patented piston-operated gas system, user-changeable barrels etc. Like most other competitors, HK417 rifles are available in several barrel lengths, suitable for full scale of military operations, from close combat in urban or forest areas and up to long-range accurate shooting.

HK417 rifle is a gas operated, selective fired weapon of modular design. It uses short-stroke gas piston located above the barrel, that operates the 7-lug rotating bolt. Barrels are cold hammer forged, and could be replaced by end user in several minutes using simple tools. There are four basic patterns of barrels available for HK417 as of now (2008):305 mm / 12″ and 406 mm / 16″ standard barrels and 406 mm / 16″ and 508 mm / 20″ accurized barrels. Accurized barrels provide 1 MOA accuracy (with proper ammunition). Receiver is made from high grade aluminum alloy and consists of two parts (upper and lower), connected by two cross-pins a-la AR-15 / M16 rifles. Combination-type safety / fire selector allows for single shots and full automatic mode. HK417 retains all M16 -style controls, including last round bolt hold-open device, bolt closure device, rear-based charging handle and magazine release button on the right side of the magazine well. HK417 is fitted with four Picatinny rails on free-float handguard as standard, and will accept any type of sighting devices on STANAG-1913 compliant mounts. It also can accept modified HK AG36/AG-C 40mm grenade launcher, which is clamped directly to bottom rail. Buttstock is of modified M4 design, multi-position telescoped. Production HK417 rifles use proprietary 10- or 20-round box magazines, made of translucent polymer (early prototypes used HK G3 magazines).

Tags: HK417 , Special Forces Combat Assault Rifle - HK417

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Espesyal na Sandatahan labanan Assault riple - Kalashnikov AK (AK-47), AKS, AKM at AKMS

Kalashnikov AK (AK-47), AKS, AKM at AKMS assault Rifles (USSR)

Espesyal na Sandatahan labanan Assault riple - Kalashnikov AK-74, AKS-74 at AK-74M

Kalashnikov AK-74, AKS-74 at AK-74M assault Rifles (USSR / Russia)

Espesyal na Sandatahan labanan Assault riple FAMAS-pagkakabisa

Pagkakabisa FAMAS assault riple (France)

Espesyal na Sandatahan labanan Assault riple, Enfield SA-80

Enfield SA-80: L85A1 and L85A2 assault rifle, L22 carbine (Great Britain)

Espesyal na Sandatahan labanan Assault riple - CETME A, B, modelo 58, C Assault Rifles (Espanya)

CETME A, B, modelo 58, C Assault Rifles (Spain)

Espesyal na Sandatahan labanan Assault riple - mangangantiyaw & Koch G3

Heckler & Koch G3 rifle (Germany)

Espesyal na Sandatahan labanan Assault riple - Armalite / Colt AR-15 / M16

Armalite / Colt AR-15 / M16 assault rifle (USA)

Espesyal na Sandatahan labanan Assault riple - Colt M4 at M4A1

Colt M4 and M4A1 carbine / assault rifle (USA)

Espesyal na Sandatahan labanan Assault riple - HK G36

Heckler-Koch HK G36 assault rifle (Germany)

Espesyal na Sandatahan labanan Assault riple - HK417

Heckler-Koch HK417 assault rifle (Germany)

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